WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is an open-source technology that allows web browsers and mobile applications to implement real-time voice, video calls, and peer-to-peer data transfer through a simple API without the need for any plugins or third-party software. The WebRTC connection establishment process involves multiple steps, including connecting to signaling servers, offer/answer exchange, ICE candidate exchange, and establishing connections. WebRTC core components include signaling servers, RTCPeerConnection for managing connections, offer/answer for session description, session description for communication capabilities and parameters, and channels for data and media transmission. ICE (Interactive Connectivity Establishment) is a key technology in WebRTC for solving network connectivity issues through NAT traversal, optimal path selection, and connection recovery.ICE components include candidates, STUN servers, and TURN servers, with a workflow that involves candidate collection, candidate exchange, connection testing, and selecting the best path. ICE is crucial for WebRTC to work in complex network environments, enabling connections in scenarios with private networks. An example of a peer-to-peer chat based on WebRTC involves a signaling server using Python's FastAPI, WebSocket for communication, and handling different types of signaling messages.